The ways to reduce crime in the worlds most violent cities Essay Example for Free

The approaches to lessen wrongdoing on the planets most rough urban communities Essay Wrongdoing has for some time been viewed as a significant issue of numerous nations, both created and creating, in the contemporary society. Specifically, the crime percentage increments yearly in degree in certain divisions around the world. In this discourse, I might want to show my anxiety about the reasons for the issue and the answers for it. There are abstract just as target factors that lead to the heightening of this unfriendly condition. The first and furthermore the chief reason for this issue is destitution, or we can say, monetary hardship. Individuals are frequently headed to extraordinary lengths of urgency by destitution and this is a significant reason for wrongdoing all around the globe. The way that such disappointment is made is in itself an extremely perilous thing for society all in all as worldwide swelling has risen essentially in the course of the most recent couple of years. It appears that in our present reality, the rich get more extravagant and the poor get less fortunate. In other words, these penniless individuals need more cash to purchase food and different necessities. Consequently, their final retreat to keep up their lives is to loot or take, which prompts wrongdoing. More forthright, viciousness from prevailing press can likewise contribute generously to the expansion of wrongdoing. There are numerous movies and plays containing fierce or touchy substance, which impact the watchers. A few people need to imitate the saints, as they see them, in the films without realizing that the conduct in actuality can be viewed as unlawful according to the law. Adolescents are particularly inclined to this sort of factor without the management of more established grown-ups. There are likewise numerous social issues achieving this horrible situation. Overpopulation, bigotry, regionalism, family conditions, and regularly political force are a few factors that establish the framework of genuine violations. In addition, there are other emotional components. At the end of the day, the purpose behind his wrongdoing submitting is in part not from the weight of the general public or social ailments as referenced above, and extremely hard to control. Famously, mental scatters are a significant reason for wrongdoing of this sort. Other than discouragement, individuals with grave mental issue additionally wind up perpetrating violations. Such individuals ought to be treated before their propensities and afflictions turn crazy. An individual with melancholy or some different genuine mental issue can likewise effectively purpose damage to themselves. Besides, we have drugs, which are a bane [a reason for trouble], regardless of what we look like at them. An individual dependent on drugs can't bolster their fixation and as a general rule they end up in an existence of wrongdoing to fuel their propensities. It isn't obscure anyplace on the planet that a medication someone who is addicted winds up carrying out wrongdoings to fund-raise for their propensities. Other than that, there are likewise an enormous number of individuals that are associated with the medication exchange. Despite the fact that these individuals may not so much be medicate clients themselves, they frequently draw others into medications and violations. Things being what they are, what would it be advisable for us to, individuals in the general public, never really tackle such an issue? Government, I’d like to state, need to concoct some arrangement that helps slender the hole between the rich and poor people. TV and film rating framework should be careful ly executed. Guardians ought to completely administer their youngsters, so as not for them to be stuck into sedate relating issues, and make their kids lead the most satisfied life as could reasonably be expected.

Al Capone Essays - Five Points Gang, Bootleggers, The Untouchables

Al Capone Essays - Five Points Gang, Bootleggers, The Untouchables Al Capone Al Capone is America's most popular hoodlum and the single most noteworthy image of the breakdown of peace in the United States during the 1920s Prohibition period. Capone had a main job in the criminal operations that loaned Chicago its notoriety for being a rebellious city. Capone was conceived on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. Purified through water Alphonsus Capone, he experienced childhood in an unpleasant neighborhood and was an individual from two child groups, the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors. In spite of the fact that he was brilliant, Capone quit school in the 6th grade at age fourteen. Between tricks he was an agent in a sweets store, a pinboy in a bowling alley, and a shaper in a book bindery. He turned out to be a piece of the infamous Five Points pack in Manhattan and worked in hoodlum Frankie Yale's Brooklyn plunge, the Harvard Inn, as a bouncer and barkeep. While working at the Inn, Capone got his notorious facial scars and the subsequent moniker Scarface when he offended a benefactor and was assaulted by her sibling. In 1918, Capone met an Irish young lady named Mary Mae Coughlin at a party. On December 4, 1918, Mae brought forth their child, Albert Sonny Francis. Capone and Mae wedded that year on December 30. Capone's first capture was on a jumbled direct charge while he was working for Yale. He likewise killed two men while in New York, early declaration to his ability to execute. As per gangland decorum, nobody confessed to hearing or seeing a thing so Capone was never gone after for the killings. After Capone hospitalized an adversary pack part, Yale sent him to Chicago to hold up until things chilled. Capone showed up in Chicago in 1919 and moved his family into a house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue. Capone went to work for Yale's old guide, John Torrio. Torrio saw Capone's latent capacity, his blend of physical quality and insight, and empowered his prot g . Before long Capone was helping Torrio deal with his bootlegging business. By mid-1922 Capone positioned as Torrio's number two man and inevitably turned into a full accomplice in the cantinas, betting houses,and massage parlors. When Torrio was shot by rival group individuals and thusly chose to leave Chicago, Capone acquired the outfit and got chief. The outfit's men loved, trusted, and obeyed Capone, considering him The Big Fellow. He immediately demonstrated that he was far and away superior at association than coordinating and extending the city's bad habit industry somewhere in the range of 1925 and 1930. Capone controlled speakeasies, bookie joints, betting houses, massage parlors, salary of $100,000,000 every year. He even procured a sizable enthusiasm for the biggest cleaning and coloring plant chain in Chicago. In spite of the fact that he had been working with Capone, the degenerate Chicago civic chairman William Big Bill Hale Thompson, Jr. concluded that Capone was awful for his political picture. Thompson recruited another police boss to force Capone to leave Chicago. At the point when Capone searched for another spot to live, he immediately found that he was disagreeable in a significant part of the nation. He at last purchased a home at 93 Palm Island, Florida in 1928. Endeavors on Capone's life were rarely fruitful. He had a broad government agent organize in Chicago, from paper young men to police officers, with the goal that any plots were immediately found. Capone, then again, was adept at segregating and executing his foes when they turned out to be excessively incredible. A common Capone murder comprised of men leasing a condo over the road from the casualty's living arrangement and gunning him down when he ventured outside. The tasks were brisk and complete and Capone consistently had a plausible excuse. Capone's most infamous murdering was the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. On February 14, 1929, four Capone men entered a carport at 2122 N. Clark Street. The structure was the primary alcohol home office of peddler George Bugs Moran's North Side group. Since two of Capone's men were dressed as police, the seven men in the carport thought it was a police attack. Therefore, they dropped their firearms and put their hands against the divider. Utilizing two shotguns and two automatic weapons, the Capone men discharged in excess of 150 slugs into the people in question. Six of the seven executed were individuals from Moran's posse; the seventh was

ERP Story-Part A Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

ERP Story-Part A - Case Study Example The business ought to think about the expense of executing the new programming establishment and benefit of the endeavor. Consolidating the business has dangers went with to it. Hence, appropriate assessment of profits and effective running of exercises is so significant. The exploration discovered that the issue related with such advance is the expansion in the size of the association, which implies trouble in following records and meeting operational expenses. Business associations fluctuate in the activities they participate so as to fulfill human needs. The two fundamental classes are administration based, or item having and creation. The completed item or administration in these exercises gives a stage to either fulfillment or disappointment from clients. In the event that clients are disturbed, the association participates in an assessment procedure to figure out where the issue grows from. This can be through surveying current gear underway or execution assessment all in all. The restorative measure is then embraced to hold the faithful clients. On the off chance that the clients are fulfilled, the administration starts approaches to keep up the norms. All things considered, this paper will talk about ABC Company and how it tries to get a market situation through converging of exercises and improving innovation. The size of a developing business association impels the sort of mechanical hardware an association ought to adjust so as to build proficiency. Complex organization structures will require enormous information storerooms to empower the business store appropriately its data. For the situation study, the current innovative situation of ABC can't guarantee great progression of data and correspondence. The new thought of making consolidated kind of business can be an answer for issues. Issues, for example, reserves required for the venture can be overseen through pooling of assets from these various substances.

Theoretical Perspectives and Research - 1441 Words

Introduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisational structures, organisations culture and organisation and its environment. This essay shall closely examine how the two perspectives have different views on the subject on power, control and conflict pertaining to the different ways to analyse and†¦show more content†¦267). An example would be the Japanese work-culture, they are powered by pressures from an intensively competitive economy and their organisational culture such as workplace efficiency and diligence thus resulting in a huge number of workers perpetually working overtime, causing an imbalance in their work life. In this case, workers are incapable to escape the hegemonies that are powerful, namely the management staff in the organisation. Modernists promote the rationale of managerial control because they view the members’ different interests as a problem that interferes with organisational goals and strategies. (Bolman Deal, 2008) states that control is the process of taking the necessary corrective or preventive actions to ensure that organisation objectives and missions are met as efficiently and effectively as possible. Therefore, modernist theorists sought mechanisms such as cybernetic and bureaucratic control for their employees in order for organisation interests to be met and self-interest to be minimized (Hatch Cunliffe, 2006). When organisations apply cybernetic theory, it explains how their executives align individual goals and organisational control using performance evaluation, resource allocation and through reward and feedbacks mechanisms (Hatch Cunliffe, 2006). They further stated that positive deviations were rewarded while the negative were usedShow MoreRelatedTheoretical Perspectives and Research1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisationalRead MoreEvidence Based Diagnostic Radiography : Theoretical Perspectives And The Research Process1017 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence-based diagnostic radiography: theoretical perspectives and the research process in two published journal articles To understand the evidence provided in evidence-based diagnostic radiography, one must first define the parameters in which the research took place. With regard to the articles being analysed, (Mackay et al. 2012 and Carlsson and Carlsson 2013) a discussion between the different theoretical perspectives and types of data acquired during the research process will be explored. ComparisonsRead MoreExamine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologist’s choice of research methods.827 Words   |  4 PagesExamine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologist’s choice of research methods. Many sociologists argue that theoretical issues are the most important factors to affect choice of method. Theoretical issues refer to what we think society is like and if we can obtain an accurate and truthful picture of it. There are four different concerns regarding theoretical issues which influence sociologist’s choice of research methods. Validity is a method that givesRead MoreA Critical Discussion On Gender, Masculinity, Power, And Gender Politics1656 Words   |  7 Pagessociologists must adopt particular research methodologies and examine certain theoretical perspectives when conducting research in gender. The study of gender is broad and consists of many different aspects regarding masculinities and femininities including hegemonic masculinity and the concept of ‘doing/undoing gender’. These aspects of gender and the methodologies adopted by sociologists to study theses aspects will be discussed in this essay. Similarly theoretical perspectives sociolo gists utilise suchRead MoreThe Epistemology Of The Decision Making Process Of Burglars1629 Words   |  7 Pagesimplicated in the research conducted by Emmeline Taylor about the decision making process of burglars. Essay begins with a concise definition of Criminology and a brief outline of ‘Rational Choice Theory’ which can be utilised to understand the decision making process of offenders and to provide a background for the notion of the rationality among burglars whilst acting criminal behaviour. Then it will continue with the explanation of the some key notions underpinning the theoretical assumptions ofRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Design1695 Words   |  7 PagesResearchers employ a number of research methodologies to carry out, test, analyze and describe phenomena they are interested in studying. Among the most widely used methodologies are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method (Cozby Bates, 2012, Garza Landrum, 2015; Leedy Ormrod, 201 3; Creswell, 2013; Gergen, 2015). Qualitative and quantitative research designs, for example, are types of research approaches that provide clear directions on how to carry out a research plan (Creswell, 2013). TheRead MorePositivism vs Interpretivism Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast positivist and interpretive perspectives underpinning social research- This essay intends to investigate by comparing and contrasting positivist and interpretive perspectives that surround social research. It will look into the use of methods such as quantitative and qualitative research and the effects and outcomes that this has in relation to social research. This will include the variations amongst them in both a positive and negative light. Before research can be undertaken the researcherRead MoreConstructing a Theoretical Framework Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesDesjardins (2010) states a theoretical framework is a logically structured representation of the concepts, variables, and relationships involved in a specific study with the purpose of clearly identifying what will be explored, examined, measured or described. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that clarifies the reason for the research problem. The information found in the theoretical framework expresses to the reader why the research problem was chosen, provides a clearRead MoreSocial Cognitive Theory And The Theory Of Control, Job Satisfaction, And Performance900 Words   |  4 Pages 1998); however, virtue of â€Å"good† theory and its applications to research starts with defining theory. This paper will discuss the importance, the definition, the types of theory, comparison/contrast views of theory, and research contr ibutions to theory as it relates to furloughed contractors work locus of control (WLOC), job satisfaction, and performance. This paper will also address a theory that adds to the related research topic and analyze two areas of controversial questions related toRead MoreThe Uk Civil Partnership Act 20041670 Words   |  7 Pageslesbian and gay families (Taylor 590). Besides different perspectives by various authors, the article provides a theoretical introduction. It offers more research and views from different authors concerning same-sex marriages and civil partnerships (Taylor 587). Therefore, the opening part of the article â€Å"lesbian and gay parents sexual citizenship: Costs of public acceptance in the United Kingdom,† is characterized by different perspectives from various authors; for instance, Peel and Harding (2008)

Should Abortion Be Legal - 844 Words

Abortion is viewed as a negative decision to some people, but in recent years with the advancements in technology and prenatal testing, selective abortion has started to become widely popular among the newer generations. It is a very controversial due to many people believing it is unethical and a poor decision. There are many logical reasons for a woman wanting an abortion for a child with a disability such as, getting raped, not being financially stable enough to give the child a good quality of life, and the disruption of families a child with a disability can cause (D.I. Bromage). I believe women should be able to do whatever they choose with their body and if they want an abortion, no matter how healthy or not the baby is, they should be able to go through with an abortion without backlash. Prenatal testing and selective abortion is a good option for many parents and future mothers of children with a disability. It is beneficial both financially and mentally for some parents. Th e amount of money spent on a child from birth to whenever they leave the house is astronomical and it is not ideal for some parents, especially if the child has a disability. With recent advancements in prenatal testing, it has become a very safe option that is becoming more accepted with the years that pass. The responsibility that comes with a child is a huge factor in deciding whether to go through with the pregnancy or not. It is usually a hard decision to have an abortion or not, but whenShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also clai m even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has life; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number ofRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abortion if there are other choices for

Education For All Handicapped Children Act - 1063 Words

These laws listed below were unfortunately put in place to fight the ignorance and blatant discrimination disabled people were faced with. While these laws are a blessing to many, the fact that they had to be put in place reflect terribly, but truthfully on how many people see people with disabilities. My only hope is that one day these laws will be unnecessary, because people will start to treat those with disabilities according to their needs. IDEA; Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1990 1. IDEA or Individuals with Disabilities Education, formerly known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) lasted from 1970 to 1990. Then in 1990, the United States Congress changed the title to IDEA. 2. This act was solely focused on affording children with disabilities the same opportunity of education as children without disabilities. The act states that schools must serve the educational needs of eligible students with disabilities; they also must evaluate students suspected of having disabilities. This is beneficial to children who parents suspect need testing, but cannot afford testing or help. IDEA is composed with four parts. Part A is the general provisions of the law. Part B covers aid of education for all children with disabilities. Part C is for infants and toddlers with disabilities, this includes children from birth to age three. Finally Part D is the national support programs. Parts A, B, C, and D are all essential to the utmost fulfillmentShow MoreRelatedEducation For All Handicapped Children Act Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesThe Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) also known as Public Law 94-142 of 1975 is a leap forward for all children with disabilities. According to the U.S. Department of Education â€Å" this law with the subsequent amendments as currently reflected in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; PL 108-446) supports states and localities in protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and improving results for infants, toddlers, children, and youths with disabilitiesRead MoreThe Education For All Handic apped Children Act1680 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Law 94-142 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, also know as Public Law 94-142, was signed into law by President Gerald Ford on November 29, 1975. IT took effect in 1997, and was deigned â€Å"to assure that all handicapped children have available to them a free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs† (BOOK). This is considered the â€Å"Bill of Rights† for children who have disabilities and for their familiesRead MoreThe Education Of All Handicapped Children Act1451 Words   |  6 Pagesschools have been allowed to exclude children, especially those with disabilities. However, the recognition of educators to implement change where students with disabilities are concerned has certainly come to the forefront of ethical responsibility with the passing of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) in 1975 now known as the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA). Be fore EAHCA many states allowed schools to exclude children with disabilities from their mandatoryRead MoreThe Education For All Handicapped Children Act977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Education for All Handicapped Children act or PL 94-142 was proposed and signed into law in 1975 and began its effect in 1978. Prior to this act there was no national educational adaptation programs for children with learning disabilities. PL 94-142 was the first opportunity the government provided in order to set equality and improvement measurements for all children and for trying to identify those who are eligible for special education. The federal government’s enactment of this law ledRead MoreSpecial Education For All Handicapped Children Act1449 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial Education A first grader sits in class and finds a toy car in his pocket, the teacher calls his name with no response, the little boy is now in trouble for not paying attention. In the classroom down the hall a little girl in kindergarten can’t stay in her seat long enough to finish her drawing in art class. Each of these students will most likely go through all thirteen years of public school struggling to concentrate and intellectually compete with their peers. If something as simpleRead MoreThe Education For All Handicapped Children Act (Eha) Had957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EHA) had an overall goal of desegregating disabled children in schools, as well as work on integrating them in classrooms with their non-disabled peers. Until the Civil Rights Movement, not much attention was brought to the fact that children with disabilities had very little rights and were kept isolated and not given a proper education, if any at all. Because of the attention brought to the poor and unjust treatment of children with disabilities andRead MoreThe Cold War954 Words   |  4 Pagesmothers. Parents turned to the medical profession for guidance and often put their child in institutions during the era of the Cold War. Some children diagnoses are from no error of the parents but from a medical incident. Merrill is an example of brain damage from the impact of high fever. A running theme in this book isha families take the blame for their children s issues. In the 60 s parents didn t have many options, they either sent their child to an institution or kept them confined to theRead MoreSocial And Economic Problems Faced By Michigan1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthe social and economic problems faced my Michigan as they entered the new millennium and the history of special education in Michigan. The constitution of 1850 stated, â€Å"institutions for the benefit of those inhabitants who are deaf, blind, dumb, or insane shall always be fostered and supported† (Ziewacz, 164). Michigan A History of the Great Lakes State, discussed Special Education in chapter eleven. In 1854, the establishments were provided by legislature for an institute in Flint, MichiganRead MoreHistory of Special Education Law1021 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Special Education Law Grand Canyon University Special Education Litigation and Law SPE-350 Virginia Murray August 11, 2013 History of Special Education Law Throughout the ages, people with disabilities have been hidden away at homes or institutions and were often not educated. This was common practice and as such, when the education system was designed, children with disabilities were not even considered. Then, starting soon after the civil rights movement in the 50’s, aRead MoreThe Fight for Bilingual Education and Women’s Rights in the 1960s and 1970s959 Words   |  4 PagesThe transformations were the result of such movements as Bilingual Education, women’s’ rights activity, and the passing of the Public Law 94-142 legislation. The incorporation of these new laws and ideas into society all came with their own consequences. Each of them helped, in some way, to lessen the inequality of minority groups in America, like students whose primary language was not English, women, and handicapped children. They also faced opposition by certain groups, who did not feel that

Islamic Political Thought free essay sample

The division of spiritual and temporal in Christianity has taken a long time to be enacted into the political theory of the occidental mind. There is a long history of church rule behind today’s secular political thinking. Which recognizes religion as of no significance in the eye of the state. They have taken the sovereignty from God and put it into the hands of the people. In doing so they have declared collective human conscience as their guide and have rejected all sorts of scriptures of divine nature. This is leading these societies to moral ruin. Approval of homosexuality as a legal practice by the legislatures of some western countries is an indication of the moral collapse that awaits them. Although Islam has no division of spirit and mundane but still does not support theocracy or any other form of autocratic rule. It has taken a middle course, which can best be explained by the word â€Å"autonomous†. Giving the absolute power and responsibility of guidance in the hands of God, Islam lets the, Muslims to exercise unlimited sovereignty within the limits of Quran and Sunnah. Introduction This topic seemingly look very simple and the one which can have a straightforward answer. But actually it required a great insight into the historical and the political perspective of Islamic world at large. This proposition can be tackled at a number of levels. One scheme of addressing this question could be to go to the theological injunctions, that is, to argue from Quran and Hadith. The second approach could be of digging into the history and bringing out the relevant examples. There is yet another way of going through this riddle and that is to examine the evolution of political ideology in the world of Islam and comparing it with the political evolution of the other nations or rest of the world. We may adopt any of the above methodology. But in order to get a better view of things and comprehensive answer to this question. We analyze it at all the three above-mentioned levels. This will certainly render us a better understanding of not only this question but also of many other aspects of related political problems confronting the modern Muslim societies. Before beginning with our discussion it is useful that we first determine what sovereignty is? Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary describes sovereignty as: the highest power or fully independent and self-governing. Similarly Webster’s dictionary gives the following meanings to this word: â€Å"supreme leader or the one who exercise authority in a limited sphere†. Quranic Interpretation As for as simplest mind, which goes through the Quranic text, it cannot ignore the fact that the God, that is Allah, is omnipotent, all powerful and all governing. This is the first and the last impression, which Quran leaves on any mind, no matter how naive it may be. Contrary to many doctrines, Quran declares Allah to be the sole authority on every thing that is present not only in this world but the whole of the universe. Many Quranic verses can be quoted in this context. Blessed is the Lord who holds control over all and is Omnipotent. † (Al-mulk) And again: â€Å"Exalted is the One who controls every thing and to Him you shall resurrect. † (Ya-seen) This makes very cleat that every thing lies with Allah. It flows from thence unto His creatures. Same is the case with authority and sovereignty. Allah has send man on this earth as his vicegerent. Allah has given man sovereignty to reign on this world. As Quran says, â€Å"(remember) When your Lord said to angels that indeed I shall appoint a vicegerent on Earth. † (Al-baqarah) Thus, man rules earth on the behalf of his Lord. Therefore he can exercise sovereignty with in certain limits, prescribed by Allah. Once established that sovereignty is a reign were man has been given access. We find out whether men have been given some right to make decisions for themselves or not. Is a ruler selected by Allah and imposed on men or they are encouraged to exercise their sovereign right by some collective means? Now this is an arguable question. Some section may say that a king or some sort of ruler, imposed on the society by one way or the other, has the right to exercise the sovereignty that Allah has bestowed upon men. And we also find such a precedent in the Quran, from the story of Talloot and Jalloot in sura al-baqarah we come to know that kings were imposed on men without their will and consultation, what so ever. One may cite this example from the Holy book to give weight to his argument. But one thing must be kept in minds of the people that it was the practice of Allah for the people of Israel, usually referred to as Banu-Isreal in the Quran. Who were in a stage of evolution that was to culminate at the advent of the last Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H)? For us i. e. the ummah of the last prophet, this rule has changed. And the new scheme under which the sovereignty has to be exercised is given in the following verse: â€Å"And they conduct their affairs with mutual consultation. † (Shura) Thus we see that Quran encourages its followers to adopt a scheme of exercising their sovereignty over themselves by a way, which hinges itself over some system of broader consultation. Of the two views, latter is the one, which seems to be accurate and closer to the rationale thinking. From the above discussion, we have reached a conclusion that Quran does recognize the sovereignty of Muslim citizen in an Islamic state and they have to device such a methodology or system, which makes it convenient for them to achieve broader consultation. Quran, similarly, rejects a single person’s claim to sovereignty and authority. Who so ever becomes a ruler of a muslim state must take the views of the society while making decisions? Now the Quran does not let loose Muslims after giving them right to sovereignty. There are a number of responsibilities that the Quran puts on their shoulders. And Quran, in its own brief but effective manner, puts them as: â€Å"Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. † Guidance from Sunnah Sunnah i. e. Prophet’s life and actions is the biggest source after the Holy (Quran). There fore, we refer our self to this source. As the Quran says, â€Å"Consult Allah and the Prophet in a matter of discord. † At another place it is mentioned: â€Å"Surely there is the best guidance for you in the life of the prophet. † We see that the early part of the Prophet hood of Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) does not give us any clue of the relation of citizens and state. It is only the latter part of his Prophet hood i. e. Medina period, in which he established a city state that we find some form or structure of a government. Now we can have any debate on the question of citizen’s sovereignty in the eye of Islam basing our investigations on this period of Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)’s life. It has become convenient, for at the very beginning of Medina period there is a record of a political agreement between all the cross-sections of population of Medina. This political document in itself, otherwise, is a very important and valuable document. It gives an insight into the political situation of the Muslims in particular and Medina and it’s surrounding in general. Coming back to the question we are confronted with. We investigate this document to find if it sheds any light on this particular question. The first clause, which defines the parties to the treaty, adequately addresses the sovereignty of the citizens. 1. This is the treaty between the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H), Aus and Khazraj (the helpers) and Jews of Medina and its surroundings. . Above-mentioned parties would be one group for the defense of Medina. 3. Every body is independent to practice ones religion. 4. Disputes among Jews would be settled according to their laws. It was an unprecedented treaty in respect of its very liberal approach towards communities of other religions. The point, which is very important for our thesis, is that everybody in Medina was treated as an equal party in this treaty. This was going to be the future constitution of that state for the rest of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). Although the Jews broke this accord and had to pay its price. We do not talk about Jews as is mentioned above that they were left to their own laws. But the Divine laws governed Muslims. Which were revealed to the Prophet (P. B. U. H. ) from time to time. Thus we see that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) in that state was the sole source of legislation. All the laws came from him. Many people misunderstand this phenomenon and they equate this authority of making laws by the Prophet Muhammad (P. BU. H) (that were revealed) as a precedent for authoritarian government by a single man. No, this approach is essentially flawed and contrary to the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). If we examine his political life and circumstances prevalent at that time more carefully and keenly. Then we get to a conclusion rather different from the misunderstanding that has been indicated above. As we know that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to a people who were totally ignorant, had never experienced any form of collective government and, therefore did not have laws and legislations. Further more, Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)’s, messaged was meant for all times to come. Thus Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to such a neighborhood where he could construct a model beginning from scratch and having no influence of any previous system whatsoever. Now it was Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) job to introduce to them a system of laws and governance based on the divine guidance, and through them he was to demonstrate it to all people for all times to come. Laws were of course revealed and Muslims had and have to obey them as such. But when it comes to governance, we have ample examples to quote; Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) mostly used the method of consultation. And this is what the message is that after the discontinuation of revelation, Muslims have to run their affairs in the light of revealed guidance by mutual consultation. To quote few examples from Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) life, in order to support the notion that citizens of an Islamic state do have some rights to exercise sovereignty over themselves, we refer to the following instances from the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) life: 1. As mentioned previously, in the very beginning of political history of the state of Medina general public i. e. Muslims were made an equal part in the matters of the governance. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) did not make himself the sole representative of the whole Muslim community. 2. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) appointed twelve representatives (Naqeebs) among the Ansar to represent them. 3. Before the battle of Badr Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) consulted Muhajreen as well as Ansar. 4. In the battlefield of Badr, the camping place of the army was selected on the advice of Habbad-bin-Munzir. 5. At the time of Uhad , Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) own opinion was to fight within the city but the general opinion was to fight outside the city, and that was followed. 6. In the battle of Ahzaab, the strategy of digging a trench for the defense of Medina was again an idea presented by Salman. 7. The method of calling the faithful to the prayer was again a matter sort out by mutual consultation. Hence at end of this chapter we conclude that Prophet Muhammad’s (P. B. U. H) life adequately provides us the evidence that in an Islamic state the power to rule and govern lies with the citizens and not with a single person or family or some creed. Rather it is the right of the people to govern themselves as they please, but of course not violating the Quranic limits set upon them. Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. † Islamic History and Muslim Scholars We have come out of an academic discussion. Now we shall be analyzing historical events and political realities. As we enter into a new phase of discussion. It will be very useful that we revise and redefine the question we are confronted with. So when we ask this that â€Å"are people sovereign in Islam? † What do we actually mean to imply? What are the other questions, which confront us when we say, â€Å"yes people are sovereign†? Having proved that sole source of power and strength is the Allah Almighty; do we mean to say, that Allah and His angels are physically involved in the governance of a state? Of course not, is the obvious answer. It is the men themselves who shall be arranging for any type of government. After placing theoretically all powers in Allah, when sovereignty is given to citizens it means following things. 1. Any government that is formed will be only due to the consensus of the majority of people. 2. Whenever there is some decision to be made, again it will be referred to people. Whatever a government or the rulers do is accountable to public. 4. As the government or state has functional powers, thus checks and balances on it to safeguard people against any sort of tyranny or exploitation. Now we shall examine different types of governments in Islamic history on the basis of these above points. To begin with, we first analyze first four guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (R. A) was made caliphs and presented him in front of public. His first address is very suitable example. It encompasses almost all the above four points. He said: â€Å"O people! I have been made caliph against my will.