Robert Nozicks Experiment, The Experience Machine and the...

The Experience Machine and the Inclusion of Meta-Pleasure Robert Nozick is a philosopher who seeks to disprove the utilitarian notion of hedonism through a thought experiment that he has entitles â€Å"The Experience Machine† (Nozick 646). I will first explain the concept of utilitarianism and hedonism, then the experience machine before I give a reply about the inclusion of a third category of pleasure which I have called â€Å"meta-pleasure†. Finally, I will show how technology may be disproving the entire experience machine thought experiment altogether. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that seeks to define right and wrong actions based solely on the consequences they produce. By utilitarian standards, an act is determined to be right if and†¦show more content†¦He states that we desire, more so than pleasure, to live a life â€Å"in contact with reality† (Nozick 646). However, I am not convinced that this example on its own proves hedonism false. Perhaps the idea very idea of connecting to a machine and losing contact to reality is in itself painful to us, as it presents us with an existential crisis, and so we choose not to connect to avoid the painful thoughts associated with having one’s mind controlled by a machine. Perhaps, there is a third category of pleasures that could be called â€Å"meta-pleasures† that are the pleasures that come from knowing that we are in touch with reality and that what we are doing is having a real effect. Much like personal safety, meta-pleasure is only tangible when it is threatened. We are not able to be aware of or â€Å"feel† our safety, we become aware of it only when it is threatened by something else, as is the case with meta-pleasure. We only become aware of meta-pleasure when something like an experience machine threatens our notion of the reality we are experiencing and suggests that our minds could be completely controlled by a machine. If meta-pleasure is something that is real, then the experience machine thought experiment would only further prove hedonism because it shows that we will desire things which are pleasurable and avoid those that are painful. On the other hand,

Research Design For Criminological Research - 931 Words

Critically assess the use of ‘triangulation’ in research design for criminological studies. There has been an emergence in the use of triangulation in criminological research, in a bid to combine two methods to ensure the validity of the research. As a result, the use of triangulation is recommended as good practice for any criminological research (Maruna 2009); as no single method can produce a comprehensive account of the study under research (Bryman 1988). In spite of its reported success, the practice of triangulation is not without its critics. Therefore, as a result of this ongoing debate regarding the level of its effectiveness, this essay will critically assess the use of triangulation in criminological research. Triangulation is readily interpreted as a method to integrate two or more approaches, theories, data sources, methods or investigators in one single study of a single social phenomenon (Thurmond 2001; Yeasmin and Rahman 2012). Such as the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods, within the same research question; in order to allow the researcher to refine the findings or research question (Oppermann 2000). It can also be applied more broadly to refer to the use of multiple observers, theoretical perspectives, sources of data, and methodologies (Denzin 1970). In social and criminological research, the term triangulation is used to refer to incidents whereby the researcher desires to verify their findings by showing that independent measures agreeShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Criminological Research On Theory Building767 Words   |  4 Pagesthe role of criminological research in theory building? By constructing theories or representations we can increase our understanding of criminal conduct. Through improving our understanding we can create effective, and operational strategies to handle crime issues. 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Down Syndrome Essay Research Paper Down free essay sample

Down Syndrome Essay, Research Paper Down # 8217 ; s syndrome is a familial status affecting an excess chromosome, this alteration occurs around the clip of construct. A individual with Down # 8217 ; s syndrome has 47 chromosomes alternatively of the usual forty-six. A comparatively common familial upset, Down # 8217 ; s work stoppages 1 out of 600 babes. In 95 per centum of all instances, the upset originates with the egg, non the sperm, and the lone known hazard factor is advanced maternal age-at age 35, a adult female has 1 opportunity in 117 of holding a babe with Down # 8217 ; s ; at 40, her odds are 1 in 34. ( Graves, 1990 ) Peoples with Down # 8217 ; s syndrome all have a certain grade of larning disablement. This means that they develop and learn more easy than other kids. However, most kids with Down # 8217 ; s syndrome today will walk and speak, many will read and compose, travel to ordinary school, and look frontward to a semi-independent grownup life. ( Platt and Carlson, 1992 ) Facts on Down Syndrome *Down syndrome is non a deadly anomalousness. One to two per centum of individuals born with this upset have uncontrollable bosom defects at birth. The mean life anticipation for all others is now beyond age 55 old ages. *Today less than 5 % of individuals with Down syndrome have severe-to-profound mental deceleration. The bulk are on the boundary line of mild-to-moderate mental deceleration, and some are exhibiting normal IQ tonss today. *The mean reading degree for individuals with Down syndrome is 3rd class, with many reading at 6th-12th class degrees today. *The huge bulk of grownups with Down syndrome today can be expected to populate semi- or wholly independently and many enter the work force with today # 8217 ; s supported employment plans and some are competitively employed. Some medical conditions that demand particular attending for people with Down syndrome include: *Congenital Heart Disease: normally in the signifier of endocardial shock absorber defects, affects 40 % of babes and should be screened for by echocardiography shortly after birth as it may good be hard to observe. * Gastrointestinal upsets: the most common inborn abnormalcy of the GI piece of land associated with Down syndrome is duodenal atresia, although pyloric stricture, Hirschsprung # 8217 ; s disease and tracheo-oesophageal fistulous witherss have all been reported. * Vision: Three per centum of neonates with Down syndrome will hold heavy congenital cataracts which should be removed early. Glaucoma is besides common. * Congenital Hypothyroidism: This status is somewhat more prevailing in babes with Down syndrome. It should be detected by the everyday heelprick screen performed on all babes. *Congenital disruption of the hips: Joint laxness and hypotonus can unite to increase the incidence of hip disruption, although true inborn disruption is rather rare. * Sensory shortages: Significant hearing damages occur in the bulk of kids with Down syndrome. Annual audiology and specialist audience is recommended. * Atlantoaxial instability: Up to 15 % of kids with Down syndrome will hold grounds of instability of the atlantoaxial articulation but in merely a smattering of instances will this instability consequence in an encroachment on the spinal cord with attendant neurological marks. * Physical growing: Physical development is constantly delayed in kids with Down syndrome. A inclination towards fleshiness requires particular attending to healthy diet and exercising wonts in this group. * Dental attention: The dentition of kids with Down syndrome tend to be little, irregularly spaced and misshapen. Early and frequent alveolar consonant attention is required to guarantee equal teething for big life. * Psychiatric upsets: Psychiatric unwellnesss occur in people with Down syndrome with much the same frequence as in the remainder of the population. *Dementia: Much recent attending has been focused on the association between Down syndrome and Alzheimer # 8217 ; s disease. There appears to be a gene-dose consequence where holding an excess chromosome 21 gives an person a higher opportunity of developing Alzheimer # 8217 ; s disease. ( Newton, 1992 ) A important sum of research has been conducted on Down syndrome, in peculiar many methods to observe Down syndrome in foetuss have been developed. This is a controversial issue for research workers and for households who have Down syndrome kids and grownups. The followers is a treatment of some of the sensing methods for Down syndrome, and the installations in which they were developed. Jones Institute Scientists at Norfolk # 8217 ; s Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine say they have overcome most proficient hurdlings to testing embryos for Down syndrome and many other chromosomal defects before the embryos are implanted in a adult female # 8217 ; s womb. The institute, portion of Eastern Virginia Medical School, hopes to seek out the technique with a smattering of bad twosomes who come to the institute for in-vitro fertilisation, in the close hereafter. ( www # 1 ) Finally, all twosomes who go through the Jones Institute may hold the option to screen for Down and most of the other conditions caused by an excess chromosome on one of 23 braces that make up the normal complement. The technique has been developed in portion to assist parents avoid a hard moral determination # 8211 ; what to make if the birthrate techniques cause the female parent to go pregnant with many kids at one time. At the same clip, it opens up a host of other ethical inquiries for parents and society as a whole, say people who have kids with Down. ( www # 1 ) Harmonizing to Kingsley and Levitz ( 1994 ) , in-vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) , is a technique in which eggs are removed from a adult female # 8217 ; s ovaries and combined with sperm in a dish. The ensuing embryos are transplanted into the adult female # 8217 ; s uterus. Before graft, a individual cell will be removed and exposed to investigations made up of familial stuff treated with fluorescent dye. Each investigation has been designed to attach to a specific chromosome in the karyon. Using a particular microscope, a scientist can number the points of assorted colourss. Three of a specific colour means that there is one excess chromosome of that type. The institute will prove five braces that account for most chromosomal defects. The first instances will be done for free. When the process becomes common, the process will add about $ 2,000 to the cost of IVF, approximately $ 7,500. The Chairman of generative endocrinology at the Jones Institute said the process was developed chiefly to avoid the multiple births that sometimes go on with IVF. ( www # 1 ) Most transplanted embryos, and many of course conceived 1s, neer take root and grow because they have the incorrect figure of chromosomes. In IVF, physicians try to better the odds by engrafting three or more, presuming that some will be lost. But sometimes, many or all of the embryos are feasible. The parents so must make up ones mind # 8211 ; do they selectively abort some, or do they take on the enormously demanding undertaking of holding many babes at one time? If physicians could test the embryos, he said, they could restrict themselves to engrafting two and still bask a high chance that the embryos will last. However, the ability to test out embryos with Down syndrome still worries households of people with the status. ( www # 1 ) The option non to hold a kid with Down already exists. Trials during gestation can observe the status. Parents may take an abortion. Parents of kids with Down syndrome, say that other parents who choose to fling an embryo in a research lab are farther removed from the deductions of their determination. Doctors at the medical centre say that they want really much for people facing the determination to understand that holding a kid with Down syndrome can be really carry throughing. They says the Jones Institute isn # 8217 ; t seeking to devaluate people with Down syndrome by offering the trial. But they say this information has such of import branchings for the household, if we have that information, we would give it to them and they make the pick. Polar Body Analysis Doctors at Illinois Masonic Medical centre have discovered that they can find if a adult female will hold a babe with Down # 8217 ; s syndrome before she gets pregnant, provided she is willing to undergo in-vitro fertilisation. Using an experimental technique called polar organic structure analysis, the familial stuff of an egg can be checked before laboratory fertilisation, assisting some adult females avoid abortions. Chicago research workers at Masonic reported on a yearlong survey affecting 100 adult females who underwent the polar organic structure process, they say that several adult females already have delivered healthy babes, and more than 20 are pregnant with no mark of Down # 8217 ; s. But the possibility exists that the Masonic patients could hold achieved the same consequences without familial testing. The bulk of adult females who have conventional in-vitro fertilisation are older and have normal gestations. Dr. Charles Strom, manager of medical genetic sciences at the infirmary said that, polar organic structure work gives a 35-year-old female the same opportunity of gestating a chromosomally normal babe that a 21-year-old has. He said at least half the adult females in the in-vitro fertilisation plan are 35 or older. ( www # 2 ) Polar organic structure analysis flexible joints on basic biological science. During normal development, the human egg contains a pouch of extra chromosomes called the polar organic structure before it gets ready to be fertilized by a male # 8217 ; s sperm. Since this pouch, is a mirror image of the egg, the familial content of the egg itself can be determined through this process. ( www # 3 ) Without such testing, approximately 30 per centum of the Down # 8217 ; s gestations ensuing from in-vitro fertilisation would hold miscarried of course, and others could hold been picked up by the standard antenatal proving techniques, chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis. In-vitro fertilisation is expensive, labour intensive and frequently dissatisfactory. The polar organic structure trial would add another $ 2,000 to $ 2,500 to its costs. ( www # 2 ) The Triple Screen The # 8220 ; ternary screen for Down syndrome # 8221 ; has been in being for over five old ages. However, merely this past twelvemonth, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists officially recommended that this trial be offered to all pregnant patients of all ages. This implies a legal authorization to practising doctors who can non afford the liability of non offering such a trial after a national recommendation has been made. This # 8220 ; mandate # 8221 ; has been met with great contention. ( www # 3 ) The # 8220 ; ternary screen # 8221 ; really involves pulling maternal blood to prove for serum degrees of three endocrines: human chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) , alphafetoprotein ( AFP ) , and estriol ( E3 ) . The form of the degrees of these endocrines predicts the presence of Down syndrome in the foetuss in up to 60-70 % of gestations affected. By utilizing computing machine expressions, the hormonal degrees can be found that are prognostic for a hazard of Down syndrome in the foetus that approximates 1 in 190 # 8211 ; which is the same hazard that a pregnant adult female has at age 35. Therefore, the trial has been recommended now for adult females at all ages. If it is # 8220 ; positive # 8221 ; , it should be followed by echography and so amniocentesis to do a unequivocal diagnosing. ( www # 3 ) Some utilizations of the three-base hit screen are seen as positive by all. If the trial is negative, these consequences can forestall farther unneeded echography, or amniocentesis, or chorionic villus trying # 8211 ; for adult females 35 or over ; or for the adult female with a old foetus with Down syndrome. Normally these more expensive and invasive trials would hold been recommended in those scenes. It is the usage of the trial for all pregnant adult females that begins to stir contention. Merely one such serum trial has of all time been recommended so widely before # 8211 ; the serum ( AFP ) alphafetoprotein screen. It is a screening trial for multiple types of foetal defects that affect the # 8220 ; nervous tubing # 8221 ; in the foetus. These defects include such jobs as anencephalia, holoprosencephaly, or einencephaly, every bit good as many degrees of spina bifida. Down syndrome is surely non the same as the broad scope of anomalousnesss termed # 8220 ; nervous tubing defects, # 8221 ; but the Triple Screen makes it look an equal to many deadly defects. The ternary screen really detects many more foetal anomalousnesss than Down syndrome, including the AFP-related anomalousnesss mentioned above and several deadly trisomies, such as Trisomy 18. The Triple Screen is called a screen # 8220 ; for Down syndrome # 8221 ; for selling grounds, every bit much as for scientific truth. The Triple Screen is, in fact, a really hapless screen, placing merely approximately 65 % of foetuss with Down syndrome in utero. No other screen with such low cogency has been universally recommended for all pregnant adult females. Such a recommendation means one million millions of dollars for the genetic sciences industry and the research workers involved. ( www # 3 ) The showing trials set up the chance of pregnant adult females holding kids with Down Syndrome or Spina Bifida and other nervous tubing defects. It is possible the widespread usage of familial showing for the intent of designation and abortion of foetuss with Down Syndrome may adversely impact the quality of life for all individuals with Down Syndrome in the community. Many groups stand foring people with Down syndrome have expressed their feelings about this issue, the followers is a sum-up of some of the wants they have expressed. 1. The primary end of antenatal familial testing should non be to cut down the birth prevalence of Down Syndrome in the population. Its usage should be directed towards the proviso of improved wellness attention. 2.Prenatal familial proving should be voluntary. The adult female or twosome should have guidance that is comprehensive and provided in a linguistic communication that is easy understood by them. Prior to reexamining written consent for antenatal testing, the twosome should be given accurate and up-to-date information on all relevant issues environing antenatal familial testing and Down Syndrome. This information should be provided in a balanced mode. Each adult female or twosome should be allowed to make up ones mind whether antenatal familial testing is appropriate for them based on informed pick. An appropriate period of clip should be allowed between having information and decision making, with written consent whether or non to continue with the trial. 3. Following a trial consequence which implies that the foetus may hold a chance of a chromosone abnormalcy such as Down Syndrome, the adult female or twosome should be provided with elaborate, balanced information sing the options available to them. This information should be provided by a knowing and qualified wellness attention supplier such as those found in accredited familial Centres. Balanced information should be so recorded for the adult female or twosome to reexamine at their leisure. Opportunities to hold the adult female or twosome speak to parents of kids with Down Syndrome should be offered. ( www # 4 ) It is apparent that the argument over showing for Down syndrome is far from settled. It is besides apparent that people with Down syndrome can do an of import part to our society. I think if parents are non prepared to take on the challenges of a kid with Down syndrome they should hold options, should one of these options be abortion? I would hold a difficult clip back uping person? s determination to abort, particularly holding spent some clip with a immature male child who has Down syndrome. There are many support groups for households who have kids with Down syndrome, there are besides many households willing to follow. The plans at school for these kids are really adaptable to the demands of the person. Most kids with Down syndrome can travel to school and acquire along good, they make a valuable part to the schoolroom and their fellow pupils. The determination is a hard one and I think that there are many options that need to be explored before anyone can do an informed determination. Mentions Cooley, W. and Graham, J. ( 1991 ) . Down syndrome # 8211 ; an update and reappraisal for the primary baby doctor. Clin Paed 30 ( 4 ) : 233-253. Graves, P. ( 1990 ) . The intellectually handicapped kid in Robinson MJ practical pediatricss 2nd erectile dysfunction. Melboune: Churchill Livingstone. Kingsley, J. and Levitz, M. ( 1994 ) . Count us in: Turning up with down syndrome. New York: Harcourt Brace A ; Company. Newton, R. ( 1992 ) . Down # 8217 ; s syndrome. London: Optima. Platt, L. and Carlson, D. ( 1992 ) . Prenatal diagnosing # 8211 ; when and how? NEJM 327 ( 9 ) :636-638. Pueschel, S. ( 1990 ) . Clinical facets of down syndrome from babyhood to adulthood. Am J Med Gen Supp 7: 52-56 Pueschel, S. and Pueschel, J. ( Eds ) ( 1992 ) . Biomedical concerns in individuals with down syndrome. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Co. Pueschel, S. ( 1992 ) . A longitudinal survey of atlanto-dens relationships in symptomless persons with Down syndrome. Pediatricss 89 ( 6 ) pg. 1194-1198. Selikowitz, M. ( 1990 ) . Down Syndrome # 8211 ; the facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stray-Gundersen, K. ( Ed. ) ( 1995 ) . Babies with down syndrome: A new parents? usher ( 2nd edition ) . Rockville, MD: Woodbine House. Tingey, C. ( Ed. ) ( 1988 ) . Down syndrome: A resource enchiridion. Boston, MA: College-Hill Press. www # 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.erms.edu/jones/depthome.htm www # 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //ptolemy.eess.edu/ds.html www # 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwpino/ds/prenata/nsdcapf.html

Things They Carried By Tim O`Brien Essay Example For Students

Things They Carried By Tim O`Brien Essay Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War. Itis a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that arebrought about from the war. OBrien makes several statements about war throughthese dynamic characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under thepressures of war, he makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments onthe reversal of a social deviation into the norm. By skillfully employing thestylistic technique of specific, conscious detail selection and utilizingconnotative diction, OBrien thoroughly and convincingly makes each point. Theviolent nature that the soldiers acquired during their tour in Vietnam is one ofOBriens predominant themes in his novel. By consciously selecting verydescriptive details that reveal the drastic change in manner within the men,OBrien creates within the reader an understanding of the effects of war on itsparticipants. One of the soldiers, Norman Bowler, otherwise a very gentleperson, carried a Thumb. . .The Thumb was dark brown, rubbery to touch. . . Ithad been cut from a VC corpse, a boy of fifteen or sixteen(13). Bowler hadbeen a very good-natured person in civilian life, yet war makes him into a veryhard-mannered, emotionally devoid soldier, carrying about a severed finger as atrophy, proud of his kill. The transformation shown through Bowler is anexcellent indicator of the psychological and emotional change that most of thesoldiers undergo. To bring an innocent young man from sensitive to apathetic,from caring to hateful, requires a great force; the war provides this force. We will write a custom essay on Things They Carried By Tim O`Brien specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, frequently are the changes more drastic. A soldier named TedLavender adopted an orphaned puppy. . .Azar strapped it to a Claymoreantipersonnel mine and squeezed the firing device(39). Azar has becomedemented; to kill a puppy that someone else has adopted is horrible. However,the infliction of violence has become the norm of behavior for these men; thefleeting moment of compassion shown by one man is instantly erased by another,setting order back within the group. OBrien here shows a hint of sensitivityamong the men to set up a startling contrast between the past and the presentfor these men. The effect produced on the reader by this contrast is one ofhorror; therefore fulfilling OBriens purpose, to convince the reader of warsseverely negative effects. In the buffalo story, We came across a babywater buffalo. . .After supper Rat Kiley went over and stroked its nose. . .Hestepped back and shot it through the right front knee. . .He shot it twice inthe flanks. It wasnt to kill, it was to hurt(85). Rat displays a severeemotional problem here; however, it is still the norm. The startling degree ofdetached emotion brought on by the war is inherent in OBriens detailedaccounts of the soldiers actions concerning the lives of other beings. OBriens use of specific and connotative diction enhances the same theme, theloss of sensitivity and increase in violent behavior among the soldiers. The VCfrom which Bowker took the thumb was just a boy(13), giving theimage of a young, innocent person who should not have been subjected to thehorrors of war. The connotation associated with boy enhances the fact thatkilling has no emotional effect on the Americans, that they kill for sport anddo not care who or what their game may be. Just as perverse as killing boys,though, is the killing of a baby(85), the connotation beingassociated with human infants even though it is used to describe a young waterbuffalo they torture. The idea of a baby is abstract, and the killing of one isfrowned upon in modern society, regardless of species. OBrien creates anattitude of disgust in the reader with the word, further fulfilling his purposein condemning violence. Even more drastic in connotation to be killed is theorphaned puppy(39). Adding to the present idea of killing babies isthe idea of killing orphaned babies, which brings out rage within the reader. .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a , .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .postImageUrl , .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a , .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:hover , .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:visited , .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:active { border:0!important; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:active , .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua36113190b33d29ec0d8d8fbd5e30d2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of two films: "The Shawshank Redemption" EssayThe whole concept is metaphoric, based on the connotations of key words;nevertheless, it is extremely effective in conveying OBriens theme. OBrienmakes a valid, effective antiwar statement in The Things They Carried. Thedetails he includes give the reader insight into his opinions concerning theVietnam War and the draft that was used to accumulate soldiers for the war. While thinking of escaping to Canada, he says: I was drafted to fight awar I hated. . .The American war seemed to me wrong(44). OBrien feelsthat U.S. involvement in Vietnamese affairs was unnecessary and wasteful. Heincludes an account of his plan to leave the country because he did not want torisk losing his life for a cause he did not believe in. Here OBrien shows thelevel of contempt felt towards the war; draft dodging is dangerous. He was not aradical antiwar enthusiast, however, for he takes only a modest standagainst the war(44). While not condoning the fighting, he does not protestthe war except for minimally, peacefully, and privately doing so. Hisdissatisfaction with the drafting process is included in his statement, Iwas a liberal, for Christs sake: if they needed fresh bodies, why not draftsome back-to-the-stone-age-hawk?(44). OBriens point of drafting onlythose who approve involvement in the war is clearly made while his politicalstandpoint is simultaneously revealed. The liberal attitude OBrien owns is verymuch a part of his antiwar theme; it is the axis around which his valuesconcerning the war revolve. The antiwar statement is enhanced by OBriens useof connotative and informal diction to describe the war, its belligerentadvocates, and its participants. The connotation in the adjective American indescribing the war seems as though OBrien believes the Americans are making thewar revolve around themselves, instead of the Vietnamese. While also criticizingAmericans, he manages to once again question the necessity of United Statesinvolvement in the war. Also connotatively enhancing the antiwar theme is theword bodies to describe draftees; while an accurate evaluation scientifically,it gives the reader the impression that the young men that are being broughtinto the war to become statistics, part of a body count. OBrien shows veryeffectively the massive destruction of innocent human life brought on byVietnam. In contrast with his sympathy toward drafte es, OBrien utilizesinformal, derogatory diction to describe the wars advocates. He labels hisstereotype belligerent a dumb jingo(44), or moronic national prideenthusiast. By phrasing his views in such a manner, OBrien is able to conveythe idea that there is enough opposition to the war that a negative slang hasbeen implemented frequently, hence the term dumb jingo. The skill with whichOBrien illustrates his views is very convincing throughout their development inthe novel; his antibelligerence focus is very effective. The social deviancethat has become the accepted norm in The Things They Carried is brought out byOBrien in the form of the soldiers drug usage. OBrien wants to convey theidea of negative transitions brought about by the war with a statement aboutmarijuanas public, widespread, carefree use in Vietnam. He includes severalanecdotes that illustrate to which degree the substance is abused. A friend ofOBriens, Ted Lavender, carried six or seven ounces of premiumdope(4), whic h indicates not only the soldiers familiarity with the drug,but their acquired knowledge of the quality of the drug. The discouragement ofmarijuana, as well as other drugs, was previously the accepted view ofAmericans; however, according to OBrien, is has become the norm for Americansin Vietnam. The war has completely reversed their morals. Once they carried acorpse out to a dry paddy. . .and sat smoking the dead mans dope untilthe chopper came. Lieutenant Cross kept to himself(8). Even the squadssupervisor, the platoon leader Lieutenant Cross, is unaffected by the soldiersblatant use of an illegal substance; he has become so used to the occurrencethat he no longer condemns its use. For even a leader of men to be morallywarped by the war is an effective idea in OBriens discouragement of war. AsGeorge Carlin once said to a New York audience, We love war. We are awarlike people, and therefore we love war(Carlin 1992). This view iscommon today among Americans since the advent of long-d istance warfare andbright, colorful explosions; however, in the guerrilla warfare of Vietnam, thegrudging participants loathed the idea. Tim OBrien very effectively portraystheir hatred and the severe negative effects the war had on American soldiers inhis excellent, convincing novel The Things They Carried. The skillful choice ofdetails and several types of diction that reveal his theme of induced violence,his anti-war statement, and his view of the reversal of morals among GIs areeffective in presenting OBriens views in this, The Last WarNovel(McClung 96). .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 , .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .postImageUrl , .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 , .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:hover , .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:visited , .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:active { border:0!important; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .clearfix:after { con tent: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:active , .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: no ne; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388 .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9f228afcbeba2768f1a5b79a013f388:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Behind the Mind of a Serial Killer Essay

A Paper on Hiring Ethics an Example of the Topic Career by

A Paper on Hiring Ethics The ethical dilemma in this situation is who to employ as the new marketing manager. Whether it is the person who really needs the job because of some deep financial needs and family concerns but is barely able to do the job right, or the employ the person that could do an outstanding job, fitting in with just the right qualification plus a masters degree in marketing yet is of a different racial domination. This dilemma is about what is morally correct, and about what could have been correct, yet it was overshadowed by another concern, like how many mouths does the salary of a person has to feed, or if that person has a sick relative and is in great need of money. Need essay sample on "A Paper on Hiring Ethics" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Much more if the reason for not accepting a very qualified candidate just because this candidate is Mexican and the co-manager you are working with simply does not want her for unspecified reasons. Her work is of acceptable quality, based mainly on her background profile and her masters degree just says it all. If you consider the importance of the hiring a Mexican of a top caliber, as compared to those whose works may probably be under expectations, this would incur a further opportunity cost to the company. Furthermore, if another company would happen to hire her without minding much about her ethnicity being Mexican, this could pose yet another threat and loss to the company since the other company would have a slight advantage in their workforce. Not to mention that if other companies would know that our company let go of such a talented candidate because of her being Mexican, it would draw out a negative picture in the company's human resource planning (Thailand. Samnakngan Khan a Kammakan Watthanatham haeng Chat., 2001). If I was a bright and energetic manager of that certain company, I would definitely talk with my colleague about the matter and ask for a tangible ground for not considering the Mexican for the position (Lagan & Moran, 2006). This should be done in a professional manner so as not to harm any professional relationships I have with my colleague. If and then that certain ground my colleague would give me is valid, then I have no choice but to accept that as my own decision as well. Otherwise, especially if it would be because of ethnicity or other personal reasons he still would not dare specify, then I would have to take appropriate actions and file for a case against him in the upper management office for discrimination. Not hiring an application because of gender, race, religion, or ethnicity is punishable under US laws and could be filed against the company (Cohen, 2003). For instance, if the applicant files a case on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) against the company, the latter could loose its license to operate if appropriate measures are not done at an early stage. This is punishable under the Title VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964 (Charlesworth & Catholic Education Office (Melbourne Vic.), 2004). Once the company would be sanctioned, the company would then be obliged to pay the discriminated applicant pursuant to the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Australian Association of Social Workers., 2000). With that in mind, it would be such a grave mistake to turn down an applicant on the grounds of her being a Mexican. However, if that Mexican is an illegal alien, then measures could be implemented and her being turned down would be a valid reason but that is a different story already. The point is, I am, in this case both a stakeholder and the decision maker. I am a stakeholder because I must do my job as a manager of and yet I also must decide on what actions to be done so as to address the problem, thus, a decision maker. Ethical issues surround this case because my colleague contemplated an option which he should not done in the first place because he was somewhat biased. Kant, in his categorical imperative theory defined an imperative as any proposition that declares a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary (Categorical Imperative, Wikipidea, para.1). In this case something must be done immediately because the higher authority is not happy about the fines that are being levied onto the company. Reference: Australian Association of Social Workers. (2000). AASW : by -law on ethics: Barton Australian Association of Social Workers. Charlesworth, H. C., & Catholic Education Office (Melbourne Vic.). (2004). 2004 Catholic Education Week address : building bridges : the Catholic Church and human rights. [Melbourne: Catholic Education Office. Cohen, M. (2003). 101 ethical dilemmas. London ; New York: Routledge. Lagan, A., & Moran, B. (2006). 3D ethics : implementing workplace values : personal, organisational and social dimensions of business ethics. Maleny, Qld.: eContent Management. Thailand. Samnakngan Khana Kammakan Watthanatham haeng Chat. (2001). 108 withi mop namchai hai kaekan (Phim khrang thi 1. ed.). Krung Thep: Samnakngan Khana Kammakan Watthanatham haeng Chat.

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buy custom Health Promotion essay Health promotion is a process that allows people to heighten measures for controlling and improving their health. The process centers not only on personal behavior, but also encompasses other social and environmental factors. This article will focus on three peer reviewed journals that addresses health promotion procedures in control of diabetes. The journals have defined health promotion in the perspective of lifestyle change to curb health threats posed by diabetes. The major aspect of lifestyle risks is obesity. It is a condition that is encouraged by high intake of diets rich in energy accompanied by minimal physical activity. Therefore, health promotion process will dwell on implementation of the various types of diets and exercise plans to prevent diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is currently a public health problem in the world. Although there are other contributory factors towards origin of the disease, individual lifestyle becomes a core factor for consideration. People have adopted lifestyles that are very detrimental to their health. The authors of these three journals have demonstrated the relationship that exists between diet and physical exercises to type II diabetes. Health promotion interventions are very important in addressing the various issues that affect peoples health. A combination of various health promotion strategies includes the improvement of individual life skills and intensification of communal actions. Consequently, these steps lead to formation of a favorable and helpful environment for health. A lot of resources are used in treatment of diabetic conditions (The British Dietetic Association Ltd, 2010). The overall cost of treating and managing the disease is immensely high. It incorporates the cost of medication, support from workplace as well as socil and healthcare facilities. Therefore, if people are empowered on ways to avoid getting diabetes, the cost that could have otherwise been used to treat the disease, would be directed towards other valuable developments. The roles of nurses have greatly changed overtime. Traditionally, nurses provided the best avenues for implementation of health promotion programs. This is because they had and still have frequent contact with the patients and the general public. Currently, focus on healthcare has been diversified to include every member of the community not just diabetic patients alone (Polikandrioti Dokoutsidou, 2009). Therefore, nurses have the responsibility of helping the society manage diseases that form part of their daily lives. People have not only become very concerned about their health but also, they are more knowledgeable on issues affecting their health than the way the situation was some decades ago. Modern health promotion campaigns aims at assisting people control their diseases and adopt lifestyles that will help to correct and minimize the effect of the problem. Some health institutions and other related authorities are considering involving the nurses in the role of supervising implementation of the health awareness among members of the society. This would increase the active role of nurses in health promotion programs. It would lead to realization of better results and hence the entire community would benefit (The British Dietetic Association Ltd, 2010). Implementation methods are those processes that pulls together the collaborative efforts of everyone involved in the health promotion program. One of the methods involves use of the training institutions for nurses. This helps to prepare the nurses while still on training by equipping them with the right skills ffor effective implementation of the program. Additionally, inclusion of other like-minded stakeholders with proper organization systems helps in successful realization of the program. Presence of resourceful government agencies and non-governmental organizations helps to strengthen systems that have already been laid out for implementation of the health promotion program. Most of the chronic diseases can be prevented if attention was directed towards prevention. The main objective in prevention of type II diabetes through health promotion programs is to enhance the quality of life for the society. There are three levels of health promotion prevention. They include primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Primary prevention is the fundamental level of prevention since it involves creating awareness to healthy people who have not yet been affected by the disease. It therefore incorporates strategies that create a favorable atmosphere that promotes healthy living. Primary prevention involves prior planning by anticipating the best ways to avoid occurrence of a problem. On the other hand, secondary prevention involves detection of a disease or a problem before it is typically established. It requires the skillfulness of the nurses and other health professionals to identify risk factors that when reverted, results to prevention of occurrence of the problem. Finally, tertiary prevention occurs when the disease has already set in and become pronounced in the person. It involves treatment of the disease so as to control its effects on the health of the ailing person and even attain healing at the long run (Walker et al., 2010). This level of prevention aims at reducing pain and other complications from the disease so that the patients can regain their health and lead normal lives. Buy custom Health Promotion essay

Human genetic enhancement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human genetic enhancement - Essay Example However, with the continued research and development (R&D) headed by scientists stationed mainly in Oregon and Newcastle, there were discoveries made that uncovered the biotechnology’s ability to facilitate more than just medical corrections. These ‘other’ application areas that human genetic enhancement promised are the center of ethical and scientific wars that form a significant battleground for the US policy makers in making decisions regarding human genetic enhancement. This synthesis paper shall scrutinize the readings provided to come up with the key issues US policy makers need to put into consideration in a task of installing laws regarding human genetic enhancement. The benefits of human genetic enhancement, if implemented along ethical and lawful limits, outweigh the disadvantages that the biotechnological advancement could come along with in improving human life. Merits of human genetic enhancement The key consideration that the US policy makers would have as the ultimate reason to allow human genetic enhancement would be the prevention of diseases. Stock (2003) elucidated this fact by analyzing a study that demonstrated the possibility of a strain in the genetic makeup of people with Down syndrome having the ability to reduce cancer incidences by 90%. This study was a clear indication that human genetic enhancement

Enterprise risk management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise risk management - Literature review Example ERM involves taking a proactive view of the entire business or organisation rather than looking at risk as simply a matter of special project overview to identify threats. It goes far beyond the typical SWOT analysis that looks at different weaknesses and threats and recognises the whole of the business as a functional unit that is inter-connected whereby multitudes of risk possibilities exist. This literature review describes what constitutes enterprise risk management, its major components and also provides an identification of how an ERM programme can be designed into virtually any industry. 2. Defining a stable ERM programme Enterprise risk management is defined as: â€Å"The discipline by which an organisation in any industry assesses, controls, exploits, finances, and monitors risks from all sources for the purpose of increasing the organisation’s short- and long-term value to its stakeholders† (casact.org, 2003, p.8). What makes ERM different from typical risk ma nagement programmes is that it recognises strategic imperatives, thus making it an ongoing part of strategic analysis often dictated by executive leadership and Board governance. Generally, risk management programmes are short-term objectives associated with special project teams, thereby somewhat ignoring the long-term prospects of risk mitigation in multiple areas of the business. Kimmel & Anderson (2010) identify five specific elements of an ERM system to include: 1. Linking risk management to the organisation’s strategy, values and culture – This definition insists that enterprise risk management is linked to the operational and human capital components of the organisation and is tied directly to organisational structure and design. 2. Providing management with a comprehensive and repeatable knowledge base so as to understand how to identify and assess potential risk factors. 3. Assignment of specific roles and responsibilities tied to governance for ERM. 4. The ab ility to provide higher valued knowledge so that managers can make better operational and financial business decisions. 5. Providing risk-related knowledge so that auditing and monitoring is an ongoing part of the programme design. Most organisations that utilise ERM systems recognise four categories of objectives in order to assist organisations in meeting long- and short-term strategic goals. These include, as offered by Moore (2010): 1. Strategic imperatives – These are high-level goals that help align the organisation to its overall mission and value proposition. 2. Operational components – Helping to achieve efficient and effective use of resources organisation-wide, such as marketing, production and accounting (as relevant examples). 3. Reporting – Reporting aspects include financial figures and overall business strengths as related to stakeholders and shareholders. 4. Compliance – Laws and regulatory compliance such as Sarbanes Oxley and other labo ur-related laws that drive business structure and operations. These four objectives are part of the COSO model that is widely used in most organisations that have developed an ERM system, one of the most common models of ERM available. It is a comprehensive tool for identifying and managing risk factors (Moore, 2010). Enterprise risk management is beneficial to the business as it creates a teamwork

The south after the civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The south after the civil war - Essay Example Earlier the south enjoyed a competitive advantage over the rest of the country with the help of slave energy and cultivation of huge plots of land. This measure had dual advantage. Firstly, the wage or cost per labor was considerably low and secondly this cost benefit was ploughed back into the agricultural business by buying large plots of land and cultivating huge area at one time. Thus it is obvious that the yield this way used to be generating formidable surplus out of the business. Once the civil war was lost and the advantage of slave energy was diminished the landlords or the region found it difficult to adjust with the changed situation of escalated labor cost and in the process they were forced to employ tenants and divide the land into smaller plots. Both these factors diminished returns and this caused the south to face a low per capita income and in the process became the most backward states of the nation. (Kunreuther, 526-51) However, there are opposing views to this hypothesis. Ransom believed that the main cause of economic degradation was due to the fact there was a substantial amount of racism present in the South even after the Civil War. This racism induced low legal and social support for the African American in the region.

Waterfall Model Lifecycle Model Information Technology Essay

Waterfall Model Lifecycle Model Information Technology Essay Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In The Waterfall approach, the whole process of software development is divided into separate process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and when define set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is signed off, so the name Waterfall Model. All the method and process undertaken in Waterfall Model are more visible. Waterfall Model lifecycle modelE:PROGECTpicture]water fall model.JPG Figure 1. : Waterfall Model lifecycle model The stages of The Waterfall Model are Problem definition In this section, you give a short, general description of the system To be analyzed. This should contain a very short description of the Organization or the company for which the analysis is to be done as Well the reasons and advantages why the computerization is needed. The environment of the analysis being done is to come out clearly in This section Requirement Analysis All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model. System Design Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model. Testing As specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. After successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer Implementation On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications. Maintenance This phase of The Waterfall Model is practically never ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are not found during the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the problems come in picture directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solve hence this process is referred as Maintenance. Advantages of the waterfall model The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps. Needless to mention, it is a linear model and of lessons, linear models are the most simple to be implemented. The amount of resources required to implement this model is very minimal. One great advantage of the waterfall model is that documentation is produced at every step of the waterfall model development. This makes the understanding of the product designing procedure simpler. After every major stage of software coding, testing is done to test the correct running of the code. Prototyping Throw-away prototyping Throwaway or Rapid Prototyping refers to the creation of a model that will eventually be discarded rather than becoming part of the finally delivered software. After preliminary requirements gathering is accomplished, a simple working model of the system is constructed to visually show the users what their requirements may look like when they are implemented into a finished system. C:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktop1.JPG Figure 1.1: throw away proto typing Incremental Prototyping The final product is built as separate prototypes. At the end the separate prototypes are being merged in an overall design. C:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktop3.JPG Figure 1.2: Incremental Prototyping Evolutionary Prototyping Evolutionary Prototyping (also known as breadboard prototyping) is quite different from Throwaway Prototyping. The main goal when using Evolutionary Prototyping is to build a very robust prototype in a structured manner and constantly refine it. The reason for this is that the Evolutionary prototype, when built, forms the heart of the new system, and the improvements and further requirements will be builtC:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktop2.JPG Figure 1.3: Evolutionary Prototyping Advantages of prototyping Proto types make an ideal tool for defending discussing user interaction User can understand a prototype far easier than most of the standard base of communicating requirements in the form of the model Prototypes very quickly resolve misunderstanding between biasness manager analysis Disadvantages of proto typing Leads to implementing and then repairing way of building systems. Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity of the system as scope of the system may expand beyond original plans. The Spiral Model The spiral model, also known as the spiral lifecycle model, is a systems development method (SDM) used in information technology (IT). This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is intended for large, expensive, and complicated projects. The steps in the spiral model can be general as follows The new system requirements are define in as much detail as possible. This generally involves interviewing a number of users representing all the outside or internal users and other aspects of the existing method. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks; defining the requirements of the second prototype planning and designing the second prototype constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customers option, the entire plan can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the consumer is satisfy that the developed Prototype represents the finishing product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. Advantages of spiral model The spiral model is a realistic approach to the development of large-scale software products because the software evolves as the process progresses. In addition, the developer and the client better understand and react to risks at each evolutionary level. The model uses prototyping as a risk reduction mechanism and allows for the development of prototypes at any stage of the evolutionary development. It maintains a systematic stepwise approach, like the classic life cycle model, but incorporates it into an iterative framework that more reflect the real world. Disadvantages of spiral model      1. Highly customized limiting re-usability      2. Applied differently for each application      3. Risk of not meeting budget or schedule      4. Risk of not meeting budget or schedule C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopspiral model.png Figure 1.4: spiral model Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology what is RAD? RAD (rapid application development) is a concept that products can be developed faster and of higher quality through: Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups Prototyping and early, reiterative user testing of designs The re-use of software components A rigidly paced schedule that defers design improvements to the next product version Less formality in reviews and other team communication Advantages of RAD Early visibility Greater flexibility Standardized look and feel Increased user involvement Buying may save money compared to building Disadvantages of RAD This method may not be useful for large, unique or highly complex projects This method cannot be a success if the team is not sufficiently motivated and nor is unable to work cohesively together. Success depends on the extremely high technical skills of the developers. C:Documents and SettingsNIFRASDesktopproto type.jpg Figure 1.4: RAD model Dynamic System Development Method Dynamic System Development Method is another approach to system development, which, as the name suggests, develops the system dynamically. This methodology is independent of tools, in that it can be used with both structured analysis and design approach or object-oriented approach. Advantages of DSD An importance on testing is so strong that at least one tester is expected to be on each project group Sets stakeholder expectations from the starts of the project that not all requirements will make it into the final deliverable Has specific approach to determining how important each requirements is to iteration Disadvantages of DSD Access to material is controlled by a consortium, and fees may be charged just to access the reference material Probably the most heavy weight project compared in this surveyC:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdynamic-system-development-method.jpg figure1.2.1: DSD method During the below given reasons I have chosen Waterfall Model for this project It is a linear sequential model It is very simple model to implement Easy to use It is the first model. It needs very few resources to implement Suitable for small projects Water fall model: This is very simple model. It moves like water fall from top to down of SDLC. The drawback of this model is ineffectiveness of verification and Validation activities. TASK 02 The water fall modelE:PROGECTpicture]water fall model.JPG The water fall stages Problem definition Requirement analysis System design Coding testing Implementation Maintenance 1. Problem definition In this section, you give a short, general description of the system to be analyzed. This should contain a very short description of the Organization or the company for which the analysis is to be done as Well the reasons and advantages why the computerization is needed. The environment of the analysis being done is to come out clearly in this section 2. Requirement Analysis All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model. 3. System Design Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirements specifications first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. From System Design helps in specifying hardware and method requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve up as input for the next phase of the model. 4. Coding Testing As specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. After successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer 5. Implementation On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications. 6. Maintenance This phase of (The Waterfall Model) is in effect never finish phase (Very long). Commonly, difficulty with the system developed (which are not found during the development life cycle) come awake later than its practical use start, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the problems come in images directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solve hence this process is referred as Maintenance. 7. Specification Specification is the first step in the process. In this stage, companies find a problem they want to join and think of a viable result. They then write down the solution on paper and move on to the next stage in the waterfall standardization Testing includes verification and validation 1. Verification: Are we building the product right. 2. Validation: Are we building the right product 1. Validation Am I building the right product? Determining if the method complies with the requirements. And perform functions for which it is intended and meets and is performed at the finish of the project. Am I accessing the right data (in terms of the Data? Required to satisfy the requirement) High level activity Performs after a work product is produced against Established criteria ensuring that the product integrates correctly into the environment. Determination of correctness of the final software Product by a development project with respect to the user Needs and requirements. 2. Verification Am I building the product right? The review of interim work steps and interim Deliverables during a project to ensure them are Acceptable. To determine if the system is consistent, Adheres to standards, uses reliable techniques and prudent Practices, and performs the selected functions in the correct manner. Am I accessing the data right (in the right place; in? The right way) Low level activity Performed during development on key artifacts, like Walkthroughs, reviews and inspections, mentor feedback, Training, checklists and standards. My Opinion about This Task with Victoria Hospital The Victoria Hopital has some problems. The 1st problem is the victoria Hospital at presnt does not use Computer and not asystem to save data and details Appointment details, patient detail and payment detail. 2nd problem is cant V.H take a details in time of important.That problam is some time May be loss detail in physical fils so the V.H is face these problems becaus we can analysis requirements to the V.H those are need to V.H a good system to save details datas secent is the method should preparednes easy good to hendal to the operaters. 3rd problem is the implementations should have to a good system. 4th is give a good knowledge to operates.these implementations are want to V.H those are A Server Machine 5clients, 1GB Ram, or 512MB ,Laser Printer Dot matrix printer Bar code reader and the knowledge given by system supporters to Operater. Want to Operaters condect with system supporters and the system supporters must mainten the problems of system in time ofcoming problems. TASK 03 Data flow diagram Data flow diagrams can be use to provide an understandable representation of any business function. The system starts with an overall image of the business and continues by analyzing each of the functional areas of interest. This analysis can be carried out to precisely the level of detail required. The technique exploits a system called top-down expansion to conduct the analysis in a targeted way. C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdfdg.JPG Figure 1.2.2: data flow diagram Process Processes show a transformation or manipulation of data flows within the system. The symbol used is a rectangular box which contains 3 descriptive elements: Firstly an identification number appears in the upper left hand corner. This is allocated arbitrarily at the top level and serves as a unique reference. Secondly, a location appears to the right of the identifier and describes where in the system the process takes place. This may, for example, be a department or a piece of hardware. Finally, a descriptive title is placed in the centre of the box. This should be a simple imperative sentence with a specific verb, for example maintain customer records or find driver. Data flow A data flow shows the flow of information from its source to its destination. A data flow is represented by a line, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow. Information always flows to or from a process and may be written, verbal or electronic. Each data flow may be referenced by the processes or data stores at its head and tail, or by a description of its contents. External entity An external entity is a source or destination of a data flow which is outside the area of study. Only those entities which originate or receive data are represented on a business process diagram. The symbol used is an oval containing a meaningful and unique identifier. Data storage A data store is a holding place for information within the system: It is represented by an open ended narrow rectangle. Data stores may be long-term files such as sales ledgers, or may be short-term accumulations: for example batches of documents that are waiting to be processed. Each data store should be given a reference followed by an arbitrary number. DFD context level diagram (0 level diagram) E:my project level df (1).jpg Figure 2.2.1: DFD context level diagram DFD 1st level E:PROGECTdrawing diagram dfdDrawing2.jpg Figure 2.3.1: DFD 1st level E:my project level df (5).jpg Figure 2.3.2 E:PROGECTdrawing diagram dfdDrawing4.jpg Figure 2.3.3 E:PROGECTdrawing diagram dfdDrawing5.jpg C:Documents and SettingsALLAHDesktop level df (11).jpg Entity relationship diagram C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdfd4.JPG Entity A person, place, object events about which we need to compare store data are called as entities E.g. students, book, department Relational ship A relationship captures how two or more entities are related to one another. Relationships can be thought of as verbs linking two or more nouns. Relationships are represented as diamonds, connected by lines to each of the entities in the relationship. Relationship instance-link between entities (corresponds to primary key-foreign key equivalencies in related tables) Relationship type-category of relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦link between entity types Attributes Attributes are the properties of entities relationship in other attributes is used to describe entities relationship in the ER diagram an entity has many attributes there for it needs to identifier. A key is attributes, group of attributes which we can use to identify an entity uniquely. Entity types E:my projectpicture]dd.jpg ERD diagram for Victoria hospital system D:tt.JPG Appointment to Patient One patient must have one appointment this is called one to one relationship and this is mandatory One appointment must have one patient this is called one to one relationship and this is mandatory Appointment to GP One GP have many appointments this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One appointment must have one GP this is called one to one relationship and this is mandatory Appointment to nurse One nurse have many appointments this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One appointment have many nurse this is called one to many relationship and this is optional Appointment to treatment One treatment have many appointments this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One appointment have many treatment this is called one to many relationship and this is optional Treatment to clinic One treatment have many clinic this is called one to many relationship and this is optional One clinic have many treatment this is called one to many relationship and this is optional E:my project1235.jpg TASK 4 Requirement specification NO Requirements BSO 1 BSO2 BSO3 BSO4 BSO5 1 Register patient Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 2 Invoice the patient Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 3 Inquiring handling â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 4 Accept patient ordering Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 5 printing debater report Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 6 Medical laboratories Æ’Â » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ 7 Arrange the delivery Æ’Â ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » 8 Printing a patient report Æ’Â » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ » â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ Business system option (BSO) The set of Business System Options which is compiled so that a selection can be made. The selected Business System Option is a description of a chosen system development direction. The description documents the system boundary, inputs, outputs and the transformation taking place within the boundary. Essentially, the description is textual with supporting products such as Data Flow Diagrams, a Logical Data Structure and a Work Practice Model Technical system option (TSO) The set of Technical System Options which has been developed so that the system development direction can be chosen. Each option documents the functions to be incorporated and details implementation requirements. Each description is textual with some planning information. Functional elements are taken directly from the Requirements Specification Logical System Specification NO requirement TSO1 TSO2 TSO3 TSO4 TSO5 1 Visual basic 2007 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » 2 Windows 2003 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 3 Java J2SE Development Kit (JDK) 5.0 Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 4 CCT camera Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 5 A Server Machine Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 6 Firefox 9.02 latest version Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 7 5 clients,1GB Ram,80GB Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 8 SQL Server Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 9 Windows 2007 Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 10 Laser Printer Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 11 Scanner Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 12 Credit Card reader Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 13 JDBC 3.0 compliant driver Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 14 IIS Server Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 15 Dot matrix printer Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 16 Wi5 connection Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ 17 Win 2003 server Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ 18 Barcode reader Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â » Æ’Â » 19 Credit card Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â » Æ’Â ¼ . TASK 5 Fact-finding technique Interviews Questionnaires Observations Sampling Record-searching Fact-finding technique Fact-finding is a main activity in system investigation. In this chapter, the functioning of the method is to be understood by the system analyst to design the proposed system. Different methods are used for this and these are known as fact-finding techniques. The analyst needs to fully understand the current system. The analyst wants data about the requirements and demands of the project undertaken and the technique employed to gather this records are identified as fact-finding techniques. Various kinds of techniques are used and the most popular with them are interviews, questionnaires, record reviews, case tools and also the personal observations made by the analyst himself. Each of these techniques is additional dealt in next pages. Two people can go into the same area to gather facts and experience entirely different results. One spends weeks and gets incomplete and misleading data. The other is finished in a few hours and has complete and solid facts. This session outlines some of the things a person can do to achieve the latter. It covers: Interviews Interviewing is the one of the most common method in fact finding. It bring the analysis Into a direct contact with the users where he gets an opportunity to listen in to the opinion (advantage disadvantages) about the existing system also to identify the issues propose solutions the new system Interview is a very effective fact finding techniques. But the main problem is that it requires a lot of resources, especially time. So it is very important to plan the interview before hand the analysis is required to have considerable amount of skills Interview needs a start from the top level management to get permission also get an overview idea about the total system. Then the interview process can be move to which will provide more more specific details Interviews are not required to find out how exactly a system should work, but it needs to deter mine the needs of the users that we have to satisfy with a new system. The success of the interview depends upon the skills of the interviewer the preparation for the interview. Choose the person who is mostly appropriate for the interview Preparation for the interview Setting a proper date, and time ,venue the topic Correct sequence of questions These factors should include in an interview plan before conducing it. There are 3 types of questions usually asked in an interview Open questions Closed questions Probes questions Open question general questions that relates with the personal view on the subject Example-  Ã‚   what do you think of .?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is your opinion of ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How could . be improved. Advantages   Puts the interviewee at ease.   Permits extra questioning into area that was not anticipated during interview scheduling.   Provide detail. Disadvantages   interview may get off the track (i.e. the interviewer lose control of the interview) can be time-consuming, particularly if the interviewer is experience Closed question > question that is needed direct answer

Who is Monica Lewinsky? :: essays research papers

Is Monica simply a hapless White House intern caught in the middle of a media created scandal started by Linda Tripp. Monica Lewinsky is a 24 year old graduate of Lewis and Clark University in Oregon. Daughter of a Democratic contributor she was easily able to get an intern position in the White Horse. Some of Lewinsky's friends have said that she only took the intern position to sleep with important people. If the recent news reports are true Monica Lewinsky got what she was looking for. Linda Tripp has over 17 tapes of her discussions with Monica Lewinsky describing her sexual relations with President Bill Clinton. Linda Tripp was a high ranking administration assistant formerly of the White House, and now of the Pentagon. In an unusual twist Tripp also happens to be the last person to see Vince Foster alive! Kathleen Willey, another person alleged to have had sexual relations with Bill Clinton, is the one that gave Kenneth Starr Linda Tripps name as a possible witness in the Paula Jones sexual harassment civil suit. None of this would have been much of a problem had Monica Lewinsky had not told Tripp that Bill Clinton and Vernon Jordan instructed her to lie about the affair with Clinton. Supposedly Linda Tripp has Monica alleging this on tape. These tapes if finally released to the public should prove to be quite titillating, Monica Lewinsky claims that Clinton was very fond of oral sex and that she it to him on a number of occasions. It has been alleged by various news organizations that a secret service agent actually caught Lewinsky and Clinton in the act. It has also been alleged that Monica Lewinsky has a blue semen stained dress which, if true, would be direct DNA evidence of the affair. But it still would not prove obstruction of justice. If that was ever proven it could be an impeachable offence, a sexual scandal probably would not lead to the impeachment of Bill Clinton. If not then it will simply be a source of Bill Clinton jokes. In a new twist on all of this Attorney Terry Giles client Andy Bleiler claims to have evidence relavent to the case. He also claims that Monica Lewinsky and he were lovers when he taught her at the Lewis and Clark University in Oregon. It is possible that Monica Lewinsky gave him documents and presents that Clinton had given her.

Environment and Global Warming Essay

Global warming has been a major problem for the last one decade or so all over the world. The climate is changing and the temperatures on the earth surface are warming up as a result of increase in amount of green house gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Global warming is defined as an increase in the average earth’s temperatures which as result leads to a change in the overall global climate. The impacts of global warming are quite diverse and they include ecosystem instability, a rise in sea level, increase in pests and diseases, health problems, loss of environmental beauty due to extreme weather conditions such as floods, hurricanes and so fourth (Abarbanel et al. , 2002, 22-23, 57-63). Global warming has been found to be mainly caused by human activities resulting from over reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy which increase the green house gases emissions into the atmosphere. Research has also shown another side of global warming whereby, air pollutants emitted by fossil fuels are responsible for making clouds to reflect more sun’s rays back to the space. This effect is known as global dimming and it leads to less light reaching the earth surface. This global dimming is responsible for causing droughts due to lack of rain especially in the Northern Hemisphere and it also camouflages the actual effects of global warming leading to their underestimation (Abbot et al. , 2000, 159-176). The effects of global warming on the environment are very dangerous and expensive and all the governments in the world agree that something must be done. In this respect, the united nations have come up with a framework convention on climate change which is responsible for coming up with agreements such as the Kyoto protocol among others. The Kyoto protocol is an international agreement passed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC) back in 1994 which was aimed at addressing global warming and climate change issues all over the world. This agreement sets targets for all the industrialised nations in the world which they are expected to abide by in order to reduce the amount of green house gases emitted by those industries located in the respective nations. This protocol is considered as the greatest agreement reached by members of the United Nations which is bound to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development. How a national policy can help to address a global problem. National policies have a great role to play in tackling major national and global challenges such as climate change, globalisation, sustainable energy needs and so forth. The solutions to such problems require innovations which are able to see beyond the problem awareness and come up with solutions aimed at lessening their environmental and economic impacts on a long term basis. Such issues more often than not require the implementation of a national policy which will address the problem both nationally and internationally. A policy is meant to ensure that the problem is addressed from a central point of view and that all the concerned parties are speaking in one voice. An example of a global problem which is currently causing major concerns in the whole world is global warming. Although its effects are largely felt in the industrialised countries, the overall effects of climate change are evident in all nations because the pollutions emitted in one part of the globe quickly disperse to all other parts of the globe (Hay 2002). With growing concern on this problem of global warming and carbon pollution, a national policy for sustainable development is essential to address this problem and come up with rules and regulations aimed at controlling the emission of carbon pollutants and other green house gases into the atmosphere. To effectively address the effects of global warming and climate changes, all the world governments must come up with national environmental policies, efficient technological strategies and invent new sources of energy which are cleaner and more sustainable. Unlike common environmental policies such as the ones set by the United Nations and other world organisations, national policies created by individual countries focused towards addressing a certain global problem are bound to be more effective because such measures are bound to achieve abatements which are in line with the national interests at the lowest national costs possible. For instance, to address the issue of global warming, Australia has come up with a three-pillar national policy aimed at reducing the amount of pollutants released to the atmosphere by its industries and as a result, the government has had to make some economic reforms which are favourable to its economic stability in order to accommodate this policy (Miller & Tyler, 1987, 19-23). Australia’s national policy in addressing global warming Australia has been vulnerable to climate changes and severe repercussions of problems associated with poorly designed policies aimed at addressing this issue. An intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report in 2007 indicating that the Australia’s average climate is expected to change by about five degrees by the year 2070 due to the high rate of emission of GHGs in the country unless the government finds a quick and lasting solution to this global threat (Steger et al. , 2004, 33-46). Such a temperature change is bound to affect the ecosystems, energy resources, population health, agriculture, tourism as well as other sectors of the nation’s economy. Some of this effects to human beings and ecosystems are already being felt due to an increase of about 0. 9 degrees in the annual average temperatures. This effects prompted the government to facilitate the Garnaut climate change review in June and ratification of the Kyoto protocol on 3rd Dec 2007 as a way of demonstrating the government’s commitment to addressing the global warming and climate change all over the world. By agreeing to the Kyoto protocol, the Australian government has expressed willingness to pay the price for carbon reduction as a way of dealing with global warming. The Garnaut review focused on examining the climate change and its effect on the nation’s economy and has come up with policies and policy frameworks aimed at improving sustainable development. The draft report produced after this review presented a detailed examination of the climate change and its implications on Australia as a single nation. Following the Garnaut draft report indicating that the impacts of global warming and climate change in Australia are expected to be greater than those experienced in the other developed countries, the government has decided to come up with a climate change policy to ensure a safer society, a more stable economy and less climate changes in the future. This policy is focused on addressing three major issues. That is; †¢ Reducing the amount of green house gases emitted by industries in the country. †¢ Adapting to those impacts of climate changes which can not be reversed or changed. †¢ Contributing to the achievement of a global solution to the problem of global warming. (Milutin, 2003, 42-56) The Australian government using this policy has introduced an emission trading scheme and a framework for carbon reduction which will help to reduce the GHGs emission by up to 60 percent by the year 2050. A reduction in the national GHGs emission will put Australia in a better position to influence the international communities in working towards a low carbon environment (Julian, 2003, 495-503). In addition, the Australian government is committed to promoting an industrial policy aimed at facilitating investment in cleaner, greener and more sustainable energy resources and increasing the economic opportunities in the country. This industry policy has helped to develop comprehensive strategies which include local content rules and purchasing policies to provide long term solutions to climate change (Derek, 2002, 115-120). According to the environmental policies set by the Australian government, the environmental standards for its industries are set very high in order to restrict them from releasing pollutants to the atmosphere (Migeotte, 2002, 519-520). The Australia’s domestic policies are bound to affect the international credibility and the ability to acquire a global solution to global warming. The long term national target which is meant to reduce the emissions by about 60 percent before the year 2050 places the total global effort and carbon pollution schemes in a better position to achieving a solution to the worldwide problem and thus, this national policy is a step in the right direction. Conclusion Global warming presents a great environmental, social and economic challenge which requires urgent attention from governments all over the globe. The Australian government has done a lot to show that it is committed to eliminating this global problem through establishment of an environmental policy and ratification of the Kyoto protocols established by the United nations framework convention on climate change. This has greatly assisted the country to reduce the amount of GHGs emission and carbon pollutants into the atmosphere leading to a cleaner environment and it has helped to address the global problem at large. This shows that the use of well implemented comprehensive national policies can help to adequately address global problems such as global warming. References Abarbanel, Albert, and Thomas McCluskey (2002). â€Å"Is the World Getting Warmer? † Saturday Evening Post, 1 July, pp. 22-23, 57-63. Abbot, Charles G. , and F. E. Fowle, Jr. (2000). â€Å"Income and Outgo of Heat from the Earth, and the Dependence of Its Temperature Thereon. † Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory (Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC) 2: 159-176. Miller, G. Tyler Jr. , 1987. Living in the Environment. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 19-23. Steger, Will and Bowermaster, Jon, 2004. Saving the Earth. New York: Bryon Preiss, 33-46. Adem, Julian (2003). â€Å"Experiments Aiming at Monthly and Seasonal Numerical Weather Prediction. † Monthly Weather Review 93: 495-503. Ager, Derek (2002). The New Catastrophism: The Importance of the Rare Event in Geological History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 115-120. Migeotte, M. V. (2002). â€Å"Spectroscopic Evidence of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere. † Physical Review 73: 519-20. Milankovitch, Milutin (2003). Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Belgrade: Koniglich Serbische Akademie, 42-56.